Identified versus statistical lives: an interdisciplinary perspective

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Автор: I. Glenn Cohen; Norman Daniels; Nir M. Eyal

Название: Identified versus statistical lives: an interdisciplinary perspective

Язык: English

Издательство: New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Год: 2015

Серия: Population-Level Bioethics

Формат: pdf

Размер: 10,3 mb

Страниц: 240

The identified lives effect describes the fact that people demonstrate a stronger inclination to assist persons and groups identified as at high risk of great harm than those who will or already suffer similar harm, but endure unidentified. As a result of this effect, we allocate resources reactively rather than proactively, prioritizing treatment over prevention. For example, during the August 2010 gold mine cave-in in Chile, where ten to twenty million dollars was spent by the Chilean government to rescue the 33 miners trapped underground. Rather than address the many, more cost effective mine safety measures that should have been implemented, the Chilean government and international donors concentrated efforts in large-scale missions that concerned only the specific group. Such bias as illustrated through this incident raises practical and ethical questions that extend to almost every aspect of human life and politics.

What can social and cognitive sciences teach us about the origin and triggers of the effect? Philosophically and ethically, is the effect a "bias" to be eliminated or is it morally justified? What implications does the effect have for health care, law, the environment and other practice domains?

This volume is the first to take an interdisciplinary approach toward answering this issue of identified versus statistical lives by considering a variety of perspectives from psychology, public health, law, ethics, and public policy.

Acknowledgments ix

Contributors xi

Statistical versus Identified Persons: An Introduction 1

GLENN COHEN, NORMAN DANIELS, AND NIR EYAL

part I} Social Science

1. On the Psvchology of the Identifiable Victim Effect 13

DEBORAH A. SMALL

2. “Dual-Process’' Models of the Mind and the “Indentifiable Victim Effect" 24

PETER RAILTON

PART II} Ethics and Political Philosophy

3. Identified versus Statistical Lives: Some Introductory Issues and Arguments 43

DAN W. BROCK

4. Welfarism, Equity, and the Choice between Statistical and Identified Victims 53

MATTHEW D. ADLER

5. Risking Life and Limb: How to Discount Harms by Their Improbability 77

MICHAEL OTSUKA

6. Concentrated Risk, the Coventry Blitz, Chamberlains Cancer 94

NIR EYAL

7. Can There be Moral force to favoring an Identified over a Statistical Life? 110

NORMAN DANIELS

8. Statistical People and Counter factual Indeterminacy 124

CASPAR HARE

9. How (Not) to Argue for the Rule of Rescue: Claims of Individuals versus Group Solidarity 137

MARCEL VERWEIJ

10. Why Not Empathy? 150

MICHAEL SLOTE

part III} Applications

11 Identified versus Statistical Lives in US Civil Litigation: Of Standing, Ripeness, and Class Actions 161

L. GLENN COHEN

12. Statistical Lives in Environmental Law 174

LISA HEINZERLING

13. Treatment versus Prevention in the Light against HIV/AIDS and the Problem of Identified versus Statistical Lives 182

JOHANN FRICK

14. From Biology to Policy: Ethical and Economic Issues in HIV Treatment-as-Prevention 203

TILL BÄRNIGHAUSEN AND MAX ESSEX

15. Testing, Treating, and Trusting 213

JONATHAN WOLFF

Index 219