Biodiversity in the Marine Environment

Купить бумажную книгу и читать

Автор: Philippe Goulletquer • Philippe Gros Gilles Boeuf • Jacques Weber

Название: Biodiversity in the Marine Environment

Издательство: Springer

Год: 2014

Формат: pdf

Размер: 14.7Mb

Язык: Английский

Oceans and seas cover more than 70 % of the Earth and hold extraordinarily rich

biodiversity, right down to great depths where abundant life forms thrive near ocean ridges. But marine biodiversity remains poorly known and faces numerous threats. Endangered by ever-increasing pressures from human activities, it is also sensitive to climate-based disturbances, in particular their consequences on ocean acidification.

Contents

1 The Importance of Marine Biodiversity

Key Features

Hierarchical Components

The Functional Significance of Biodiversity

Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

2 The Impacts of Human Activities on Marine Biodiversity

The Strategic Value of Research

3 Status and Trends

How Many Marine Species are There?

Taxonomic Records

Cryptic Species

The DNA Barcode

The Drive to Identify New Species

The “Taxonomic Impediment”

Extinct Species

Endangered Species

Ecosystems Under Pressure: The Deep Sea

Climate Change

Acidification, a “Chemical Mirror” of Ocean Warming

Spatial Patterning of Characteristics

Large-Scale Patterns

Local Patterns (Habitats)

Habitat Classification

Population Structure and Connectivity

Biological Invasions

Temporal Patterns

Geological Scale

Historical Scale

Cascading Effects

Fisheries Trends—Other Uses of Marine Ecosystems

Dedicated Time Series

4 Conceptualising Biodiversity

Conceptual Frameworks for Relationships Between Biodiversity and Human Societies

Choice of Model Framework

5 Measuring Biodiversity

Measuring Genetic Diversity

Measuring Species Diversity

Assessing the Value of Marine Biodiversity

Analytical Methods Relevant to the Human Dimensions of

Marine Biodiversity

Methods of Social Science Analysis

Understanding the Human Context

Understanding Human Interactions

Understanding Costs and Benefits of Biodiversity Protections

Understanding Impacts of Actions to Protect Marine Biodiversity

Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Indicators (SINP-Mer Jointly Operated by Ifremer, MNHN and AAMP)

6 Drivers of Changes in Biodiversity and its Uses

Environmental Drivers: A Working Framework

Evolutionary Timescales

Ecological Timescales

Causes of Pressures

Importance of Disturbance: Biodiversity, Resilience and Robustness of Marine Ecosystems

The Scientific Challenge

Knowns

Unknowns

Human Drivers

Knowns

Unknowns

Social

Cultural

7 Integrated Scenarios and Policies

Policies and Decision Support

Developing Scenarios

Qualitative Learning from Past Experience

Quantitative Learning from Past Experience

Learning from Analytical and Mathematical Reasoning

Learning from Virtual Experiments (in silico)

Learning by Doing

Quantitative Methods, Models and Integrated Assessment

Coupling Ecological, Environmental and Socioeconomic Models

Diversity vs. Homogeneity of Models

Modelling: Scenarios and Assessment Challenges

Complex Dynamic Systems

Multi-Criteria Issues

Sustainability and Intergenerational Equity

Precaution, Risk Analysis and Management

Adaptive Management

Governance, Coordination and Compliance

8 Research Needs

The Framework: Environmental Research

Research Systems

Sustaining Ecosystem Services

Naturalistic Dimensions

Linking Ecological Functions and Ecosystem Services

Measuring the Genetic Basis of Biodiversity

Differentiating Evolutionary and Ecological Time Scales

Putting Fish Stocks Back in Their Ecosystems

Impacts of Physical Amenities and Pollution on Biodiversity

Human Dimensions of Research

Data Issues

Cultures, Institutions, Appropriation

Demographics and Economics

Decision-Making Processes

Developing Modelling: A Summarising Approach