Handbook of Polymers in Stone Conservation

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Автор: Princi, Elisabetta

Название: Handbook of Polymers in Stone Conservation

Язык: английский

Издательство: Shrewsbury: Smithers Rapra

Год: 2014

Объем: 316 p.

Формат: pdf

Размер: 12,6 mb

Dr. Elisabetta Princi has wide experience regarding the use of polymers in the field of cultural heritage. She has led a research team at the University of Genoa (Genoa, Italy) for several years and has published widely on the scientific background to the conservation, preservation and restoration of stone and stone-based works of art.

This handbook is dedicated to the conservation of stone materials by the application of polymers. A short introduction on polymer chemistry is given to highlight their characteristics and properties. After the physical and chemical attributes of stone are summarised, the problems related to its degradation are discussed. Finally, the properties of the various polymers of potential value for stone restoration are reviewed and classified by schemes and tables, and pointers for the future are suggested.

This handbook will be of great interest to those who share the author's enthusiasm for stone artworks and her dedication to their restoration and conservation.

1 What is a Polymer?..........................

1.1 Introduction.........................

1.2 Polymer Synthesis....................

1.3 Polymer Structure....................

1.3.1 Constitution and Configuration

1.3.2 Conformation..................

1.4 Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers....

1.5 Thermal Properties...................

1.6 Mechanical Properties of Polymers....

1.7 Copolymers...........................

1.8 Polymer Blending.....................

1.9 Composite Materials..................

1.10 Elastomers...........................

1.11 Adhesion and adhesives...............

1.12 Agei ng and Degradation of Polymers..

2 Stone Materials..................................

2.1 Introduction.........................

2.2 Rocks: General Classification........

2.2.1 Eruptive or Igneous Rocks.....

2.2.2 Metamorphic Rocks.............

2.2.3 Sedimentary Rocks.............

2.3 Stone Properties.....................

2.3.1 Rock Hardness.................

2.3.2 Break Resistance.....................

2.3.3 Specific Weight and Porosity.........

2.4 Silicates....................................

2.5 Sandstone....................................

2.6 Granitic Rocks...............................

2.7 Porphyries and Basalts.......................

2.8 Calcium Carbonate............................

2.9 Limestone....................................

2.10 Marble.......................................

2.11 Gypsum.......................................

2.12 Lime and Lime Mortars........................

2.13 Cement and Concrete..........................

3 Stone Degradation...................................

3.1 Introduction.................................

3.2 Chemical Degradation.........................

3.2.1 Air Pollution........................

3.2.2 Black Crusts.........................

3.2.3 Oxalate Patina.......................

3.2.4 Leaching of Stones by Water and Acids.

3.3 Processes of Physical Decay..................

3.3.1 Salt Crystallisation.................

3.3.2 Rising Damp..........................

3.3.3 Freeze-Thaw Cycles...................

3.3.4 Physical-mechanical Stress...........

3.4 Biodeterioration.............................

3.4.1 Bacteria and Bacterial Biodeterioration

3.4.2 Fungi and Fungal Biodeterioration.......

3.4.3 Lichens and Lichenic Biodeterioration ..

3.4.4 Biodeterioration by Higher Plants.......

4 Conservation of Stone Artworks

4.1 Introduction...........................................

4.2 Artworks Conservation: General Highlights..............

4.3 Preventive Conservation................................

4.4 Responsible use of Surface Coatings and Polymer-based Consolidants...........................................

5 Diagnostic Approaches: Methods of Evaluation.......................

5.1 Science and Conservation...............................

5.2 In Situ Decay Assessment...............................

5.2.1 Ultrasound.....................................

5.2.2 Infrared Thermography..........................

5.2.3 Surface Methods................................

5.2.4 Other Methods..................................

5.3 Instrumental Laboratory-based Methods used for Decay Assessment.............................................

5.3.1 X-Ray Thomography..............................

5.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging.....................

5.4 Laboratory Tests for Assessment of Consolidating and Protective Products....................................

5.5 International Standards................................

5.5.1 Standard Test Methods..........................

5.6 Long-term Performance..................................

5.7 Identification of Biodeteriogens and their Activity....

5.8 Instrumental Methods for the Evaluation of Characteristics of Stone and Polymers..................................

5.8.1 Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy................

5.8.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy........

5.8.3 X-Ray Fluorescence.............................

5.8.4 Contact Angle..................................

5.8.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry..............

5.8.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis..................

5.8.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis...................

5.8.8 Fibre Optical Microscopy.....................

5.8.9 Transmission Electron Microscopy.............

5.8.10 Scanning Electron Microscopy.................

5.8.11 Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy.........

5.8.12 Atomic Force Microscopy......................

5.8.13 X-ray Scattering.............................

5.8.14 Size-Exclusion Chromatography................

5.8.15 Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry.................................

6 Stone Restoration...........................................

6.1 Introduction.........................................

6.2 Cleaning.............................................

6.2.1 Selecting the Most Suitable Cleaning Method..

6.2.2 Water Cleaning...............................

6.2.3 Mechanical Cleaning..........................

6.2.4 Latex Poultice Method........................

6.2.5 Crystallisation Inhibitors...................

6.2.6 Biological Cleaning of Stone Surfaces........

6.2.7 Laser Cleaning...............................

6.3 Consolidation........................................

6.3.1 Performance Criteria to Assess the Efficacy of Consolidants.................................

6.3.2 Application Methods..........................

6.4 Protection...........................................

6.5 In Situ Polymerisation...............................

6.6 Effect of Water-repellent and Consolidant Treatments on Biodeterioration.....................................

6.7 The ‘Graffiti’ Question....................................

7 Consolidating and Protective Materials for Stone Conservation....

7.1 Introduction...........................................

7.2 Inorganic Consolidants.................................

7.2.1 Calcium Hydroxide (Limewater)..................

7.2.2 Barium Hydroxide...............................

7.3 Waxes..................................................

7.4 Organo-Silicon Polymers................................

7.4.1 Alkaline silicates.............................

7.4.2 Fluorosilicon Compounds........................

7.4.3 Alkoxysilanes and Alkyl Alcoxysilanes..........

7.4.4 Ethyl Silicate.................................

7.4.5 Trimethoxymethylsilane.........................

7.4.6 Polysiloxanes..................................

7.5 Synthetic Organic Polymers.............................

7.5.1 Polyacrylates and Polymethacrylates............

7.5.2 Ageing of Acrylic Polymers.....................

7.5.3 Epoxies........................................

7.5.4 Fluoropolymers.................................

7.6 Biological Degradation of Synthetic Polymers...........

8 Case Studies.......................................................

8.1 General Remarks........................................

8.2 Review of the Use of Organo-silicon Compounds in Stone Conservation...........................................

8.3 Acrylic Polymers.......................................

8.4 Acryl Silane Mixtures..................................

8.5 Use of Epoxy Resins around the World...................

8.6 Comparison of Different Types of Consolidants..........

Abbreviations........................................................

Index

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